These comprise 90-95% of all vascular malformations. Although these lesions are present at birth, they may not present until later childhood or adolescence. The greatest growth of these lesions occurs during puberty and pregnancy.
Capillary Malformations
These are the most common vascular malformation. They involve the capillary network within skin and mucous membranes. They are commonly isolated and referred to as port wine stains or salmon patches. However, occasionally they may present as extracutaneous disease.
Venous Malformations
Venous malformations often present with a soft, compressible mass and can have a bluish tinge. They tend to grow as the individual grows and can occur anywhere in the body. Patients often experience intermittent episodes of painful swelling secondary to clotted inflamed veins within the lesion.
Lymphatic Malformations
Lymphatic malformations are congenital abnormalities composed of dilated lymphatic channels. They commonly present before 2 years of age as a soft, non-pulsatile mass that exhibits transillumination. Complications include fluid leakage, recurrent infections and bleeding. They can be solitary or multifocal.
Diagnosis
Imaging modalities for characterization and diagnosis of low flow vascular malformations include ultrasound and MRI.